March 3, 1926– James Merrill:
He was a beautiful man who wrote beautiful, accessible poetry. His work was autobiographical in source and theme, but never actually confessional.
Merrill was the only child of Charles E. Merrill, one of the founders of financial services giant Merrill Lynch. His extremely wealthy family had estates in Southampton and Palm Beach, plus a penthouse at the Carlyle Hotel in Manhattan. Poor little James was never lived in one place for very long.
A public man and a giant figure in the world of finance, Charles Merrill worried about having a sissy son. When he discovered his son’s first lover, the Greek poet Kimon Friar, he hired a hooker to convert James to heterosexuality. Yet oddly, he was quite accepting and proud of his son’s poetry. His father published his son’s first book of stories and poems himself, when Merrill was just 16 years old. He was taught German and French by his Prussian nanny. He had the money to go where he wanted, study where he wanted, and to meet the very best people.
Merrill graduated from Amherst College in 1947. His first book, First Poems, was officially published in 1951. In 1953, he met David Jackson, an artist and writer who would be Merrill’s partner for the next 40 years, even if they were anything but monogamous.
Jackson was thought of, as anyone would have been in his place, of being a gold-digger. Truman Capote once asked him:
“Tell me, David, how much do you get a throw?”
The special quality and luminescence of Merrill’s poems was noted from an early age. His verse is formal, but witty, with a depth of real feeling beneath a coy facade. His poetry meant a great deal to a lot of readers.
But early critics wrote that Merrill’s poetry was brittle, neurotic, and unworldly (like that’s a bad thing). Some of that had to do with the era’s pronounced homophobia and even class resentment.
Merrill was a big fan of the opera. He and Jackson would get stoned during intermission at the Met.
Both men had a longtime obsession with Merrill’s homemade Ouija Board, where they communicated with spirits on the other side, including famous dead poets.
Merrill and Jackson would bring out the Ouija after dinner along with the brandy. Their two decades of séances were the inspiration for Merrill’s famous epic 560 page poem The Changing Light At Sandover which won the 1983 National Book Critics Award. Merrill took the Ouija Board sessions seriously. They made him feel frightened, but exhilarated. He strongly believed in a spirit world, but he sometimes he simply dismissed them as mere entertainment. I understand, having spent some time moving that planchette around on an Ouija board myself. There might be something to it.
Merrill lived in a pre and post-Stonewall world and he felt the new shifting backdrops of a life in the closet, Gay Liberation, and HIV/AIDS, with the slang, choices, and conditions for being a queer changing with the times.
Merrill had an enormous appetite for sexual encounters. He had many lovers. He also had many STDs. He was ultimately taken by complications from HIV. Even though he was fully out of the closet by then, he did not speak publicly about his diagnosis. Merrill:
“In my opinion there cannot be too much denial.”
His poetry never shied away from his life as a queer. Merrill won nearly every major American prize for poetry: two National Book Awards, The Library Of Congress’s Bobbitt National Prize, Yale University’s Bollingen Prize, and the Pulitzer Prize.
Merrill and Jackson shared a famous, much written about house in the village of Stonington, Connecticut, and the couple spent part of each year in Athens. Greek themes, locales, and characters occupy a prominent place in Merrill’s poetry. Later, Athens was replaced by Jackson’s own 300 square foot home in Key West, a far cry from the houses he had grown-up in. Merrill’s poem Clearing The Title is about this cottage at 702 Elizabeth Street.
Though Merrill was very wealthy his entire life, he loved a rather modest life and he understood the financial situation of artists of all kinds and he founded the Ingram Merrill Foundation, a permanent endowment created for writers and visual artists.
As Merrill grew older, the polished and taut brilliance of his early poems changed to an informal, relaxed style, even though he had already been established in the 1970s as one of the finest poets of his generation.
Merrill served as a Chancellor of the Academy Of American Poets from 1979 until his passing. He contributed generously to literary causes, the arts, and PBS.
In his memoir A Different Person (1993), Merrill writes a very candid portrait of gay life in the 1950s, and about of his relationships with lovers past and imaginary including writer Claude Fredericks, art dealer Robert Isaacson, and Jackson. At one point, Jackson and Merrill lived in a fairly long 3-way relationship with actor Peter Hooten.
For over 30 years of Merrill, Jackson and friends used that special Ouija board for Merrill’s writing. The sessions brought many ghosts into their lives. But, near the end of his life, Merrill discouraged other people from ever using or playing with the Ouija board.
Merrill put down his pen for good in 1995, taken by complications from HIV, while vacationing in Arizona, where he had gone thinking the hot dry air would be good for his health, just a month before his 69th birthday.
If you want to know more, and you really should, try James Merrill: Life And Art (2015) by Langdon Hammer.
But nothing’s lost. Or else: all is translation
and every bit of us is lost in it
and in that loss a self-effacing tree
Color of context, imperceptibly
Rustling with its angel, turns the waste
To shade and fiber, milk and memory.
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